Camera lenses vary a great deal and so do the various types of photographic subject you could be engaging with and the a plethora of types of camera and lens mount.
Certain fields of view (focal length) are more suited to different subjects and some camera lenses even have particular functions which appeal to particular requirements, such as a macro facility to have closer focussing for insects, plants etc... All types of photography favour a length of some kind.
So not only it is often difficult to know which camera lenses are best for your needs but also you need to find out which lenses will fit onto your camera or into your photographic system. This is due to what is called the lens mount.
In short each manufacturer has their own (not entirely true but its a great place to start)... There are many lens mounts out there including the widely established Canon EF/EF-S lens mount system (Canon EF and Canon EF-s), the large Nikon range of lenses and then the Pentax, Sony/Minolta, Four Thirds and the new Micro 4/3rds, Sony E-Mount and Samsung's NX fit. then of course Sigma, who make lenses for everyone elses cameras, have their own fit as well. Across this there are consumer and professional glass classes.
For types of photography you consider the type of lens. With this there are a few categories of lens from specialist Tilt and shift, Macro and then wide, standard and telephoto lenses. Below is a list which is by NO MEANS definitive.
Macro: - Insects and plants
TSE - Architechtural
Wide Angle - Vistas, Documentary and Landscapes
Standard - Portraiture, Events, Editorial, Photo Journalism, Weddings
Telephoto - Sports, Wildlife, Events, Journalism
To see a MASSIVELY exhaustive list of currently available lenses and their photographic applications check out the article lenses and types of photography by Park Cameras.
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